Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and traditional calcium phosphate-based bone cement have some shortcomings as reinforcement materials for pedicle screw fixation. In this study, a new type of composite calcium phosphate cement (NCPC) was developed for pedicle screw fixation on the basis of previous studies. To evaluate whether mechanically weak NCPC was similar to PMMA in terms of biomechanical properties of pedicle screw fixation. In this paper, the effects of NCPC on lumbar biomechanics and stress distribution of pedicle screw system were evaluated by finite element analysis and compared with clinical PMMA. The results showed that NCPC showed biomechanical properties similar to PMMA in augmentation of pedicle screw fixation. Meanwhile, NCPC belongs to the calcium phosphate bone cement family and has the advantages of biodegradability and inducing bone growth. Therefore, NCPC has the potential to replace PMMA, which is non-degradable and does not induce bone growth, for pedicle screw fixation.