Partially deproteinized bone (PDPB) has been developed as a scaffolding material in bone tissue engineering. We hypothesized that the modification of PDPB with fibronectin could enhance its cytocompatibility for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). Therefore, in this study we prepared and modified PDPB with fibronectin and investigated the proliferation of ADSCs on modified PDPB. The results showed that the pores of PDPB prepared with porcine vertebra were distributed even, formed with a large number hydroxyapatite nets. There was more granular protein crystallization on the surface of PDPB treated with fibronectin compared to PDPB without modification. In addition, the proliferation rate of ADSCs seeded on PDPB modified with fibronectin was significantly higher than that of ADSCs seeded in PDPB without modification (P < 0.01). In conclusion, our results suggest that the adhesion and proliferation of ADSCs on PDPB can be promoted with fibronectin. PDPB modified with fibronectin shows good cytocompatibility and could be used in bone tissue engineering.