机构：[1]Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[2]Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[3]The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[4]Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[5]Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.[6]Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.[7]Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.[8]Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.[9]Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.[10]Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.[11]University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Groningen, the Netherlands.[12]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Spain.[13]FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.[14]The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[15]Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[16]Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland.[17]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM.[18]The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.[19]Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London, London, England.[20]Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.[21]INT UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France.[22]Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Santander, Spain.[23]Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.[24]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.[25]Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.[26]The Research Institute of Pediatrics and Child Health of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.[27]Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.[28]University of Münster, Department of Psychiatry, Münster, Germany.[29]Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.[30]Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.[31]Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.[32]Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.[33]Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, the Netherlands.[34]Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona Bipolar Disorders and Depressive Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.[35]Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.[36]McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.[37]School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.[38]Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.[39]Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.[40]Department of Developmental Neuroscience - IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.[41]Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa.[42]Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.[43]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.[44]Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM); University of Barcelona, Spain.[45]Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.[46]School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.[47]Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.[48]Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, England.[49]Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, England.[50]Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.[51]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.[52]Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain.[53]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London UK; Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.[54]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.[55]Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, London, England.[56]Orygen, Melbourne, Australia.[57]Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.[58]IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.[59]Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[60]Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, Clerkenwell, London, England.[61]Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.[62]Department of Psychiatry and Biological Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Bronx, New York.[63]University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry, Göettingen, Germany.[64]Department of Psychiatry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.[65]Behavioral Neuroscience Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.[66]Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.[67]Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[68]Child OCD and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor.[69]San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.[70]Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.[71]University of East London, School of Psychology, London, England.[72]Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.[73]Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England.[74]Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.[75]Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy Sciences, Moscow, Russia.[76]Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.[77]Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.[78]Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.[79]Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.[80]Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.[81]FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.[82]Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.[83]Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, England.[84]Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.[85]Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.[86]Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[87]University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, the Netherlands.[88]Department of Experimental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.[89]Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California.[90]Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.[91]Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.[92]Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco.[93]University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.[94]Radboud University Medical Center, Karakter University Center of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.[95]Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.[96]National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.[97]Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.[98]Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.[99]Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.[100]University of Oxford, Oxford, England.[101]Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[102]Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming. China.内科科室昆明医科大学附属第一医院[103]Research Institute of Pediatrics and child health of the Central clinical hospital of the Ministry of Science and Education, Moscow, Russia.[104]Department of Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.[105]Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[106]Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.[107]Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.[108]Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, German; JARA-Brain Institute II Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.[109]Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Germany.[110]Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.[111]Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.[112]Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.[113]Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.[114]SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.[115]Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.[116]Department of Biological and Medical psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.[117]Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.[118]University Centre for Information Technology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.[119]Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.[120]Group of Research in Mental Health, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, IIBSant Pau; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.[121]Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York.[122]Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.[123]Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.[124]McMaster University, Mood Disorders Program, SJH Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.[125]Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.[126]Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, King's College London, London, England.[127]Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, England.[128]Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.[129]OCD clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.[130]Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine.[131]Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.[132]Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.[133]Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Neuroscience Group, department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.[134]Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles.[135]Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.[136]Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain.[137]Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.[138]Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, England.[139]Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.[140]Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), and Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.[141]Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark.[142]Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine.[143]Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.[144]Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.[145]Priority Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.[146]Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany.[147]Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.[148]National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Pisa Division, Pisa, Italy.[149]Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England.[150]Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.[151]Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.[152]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.[153]Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.[154]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.[155]National Human Genome Research Institute and National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland.[156]School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Melbourne, Australia.[157]West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.[158]Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.[159]Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Institute of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.[160]Pediatric OCD Consultation Clinic, Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, SJH Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.[161]Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Nathan Kline Institute, New York.[162]Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan.[163]Anxiety Disorders Center, The Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut.[164]Laboratory of Medical Physics and Magnetic Resonance - IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy.[165]Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.[166]Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.[167]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.[168]Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.[169]Academic Child Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.[170]Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain.[171]Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.[172]Instituto ITACA, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.[173]Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.[174]Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.[175]Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, England.[176]Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine.[177]German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany.[178]University of California San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Weill Institute for Neurosciences.[179]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Child Study Center, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York.[180]Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.[181]Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.内科科室精神科昆明医科大学附属第一医院[182]Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.[183]Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.[184]Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.[185]Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.[186]Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.[187]Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.[188]Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.[189]SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.[190]Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.[191]Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Large-scale neuroimaging studies have revealed group differences in cortical thickness across many psychiatric disorders. The underlying neurobiology behind these differences is not well understood.
To determine neurobiologic correlates of group differences in cortical thickness between cases and controls in 6 disorders: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia.
Profiles of group differences in cortical thickness between cases and controls were generated using T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Similarity between interregional profiles of cell-specific gene expression and those in the group differences in cortical thickness were investigated in each disorder. Next, principal component analysis was used to reveal a shared profile of group difference in thickness across the disorders. Analysis for gene coexpression, clustering, and enrichment for genes associated with these disorders were conducted. Data analysis was conducted between June and December 2019. The analysis included 145 cohorts across 6 psychiatric disorders drawn from the ENIGMA consortium. The numbers of cases and controls in each of the 6 disorders were as follows: ADHD: 1814 and 1602; ASD: 1748 and 1770; BD: 1547 and 3405; MDD: 2658 and 3572; OCD: 2266 and 2007; and schizophrenia: 2688 and 3244.
Interregional profiles of group difference in cortical thickness between cases and controls.
A total of 12 721 cases and 15 600 controls, ranging from ages 2 to 89 years, were included in this study. Interregional profiles of group differences in cortical thickness for each of the 6 psychiatric disorders were associated with profiles of gene expression specific to pyramidal (CA1) cells, astrocytes (except for BD), and microglia (except for OCD); collectively, gene-expression profiles of the 3 cell types explain between 25% and 54% of variance in interregional profiles of group differences in cortical thickness. Principal component analysis revealed a shared profile of difference in cortical thickness across the 6 disorders (48% variance explained); interregional profile of this principal component 1 was associated with that of the pyramidal-cell gene expression (explaining 56% of interregional variation). Coexpression analyses of these genes revealed 2 clusters: (1) a prenatal cluster enriched with genes involved in neurodevelopmental (axon guidance) processes and (2) a postnatal cluster enriched with genes involved in synaptic activity and plasticity-related processes. These clusters were enriched with genes associated with all 6 psychiatric disorders.
In this study, shared neurobiologic processes were associated with differences in cortical thickness across multiple psychiatric disorders. These processes implicate a common role of prenatal development and postnatal functioning of the cerebral cortex in these disorders.
医学