The popularization and widespread use of computed tomography (CT) in the field of medicine evocated public attention to the potential radiation exposure endured by patients. Reducing the radiation dose may lead to scattering noise and low resolution, which can adversely affect the radiologists' judgment. Hence, this paper introduces a new network called PANet-UP-ESRGAN (PAUP-ESRGAN), specifically designed to obtain low-dose CT (LDCT) images with high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and high resolution (HR). The model was trained on synthetic medical image data based on a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). A degradation modeling process was introduced to accurately represent realistic degradation complexities. To reconstruct image edge textures, a pyramidal attention model call PANet was added before the middle of the multiple residual dense blocks (MRDB) in the generator to focus on high-frequency image information. The U-Net discriminator with spectral normalization was also designed to improve its efficiency and stabilize the training dynamics. The proposed PAUP-ESRGAN model was evaluated on the abdomen and lung image datasets, which demonstrated a significant improvement in terms of robustness of model and LDCT image detail reconstruction, compared to the latest real-esrgan network. Results showed that the mean PSNR increated by 19.1%, 25.05%, and 21.25%, the mean SSIM increated by 0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.4%, and the mean NRMSE decreated by 0.25%, 0.25%, and 0.35% at 2x, 4x, and 8x super-resolution scales, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art super-resolution methods on restoring CT images with respect to peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM) and normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) indices.