Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play important roles in cancer progression. Recently, studies have revealed that polymorphisms in miRNAs might be associated with cancer susceptibility. Materials and methods: In the current study, we investigated the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNAs (rs11134527 in pri-miR-218-2, rs74693964 in pri-miR-145, rs6062251 in pri-miR-133a-2, and rs4705343 in pri-miR-143) with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a Han population from Yunnan Province, Southwest China using a binary logistic regression analysis. A total of 452 patients with NSCLC and 452 healthy individuals were recruited for polymorphism genotyping using the TaqMan assay. Results: Our results showed that the allelic frequencies of rs11134527 and rs4705343 were significantly different between the NSCLC and control groups (P=0.025 and 0.029). Additionally, the genotypic frequencies of rs11134527 were significantly different between the NSCLC and control groups (P=0.045). The mode of inheritance analysis showed that genotypes A/ G+G/G of rs11134527 were associated with a lower risk of NSCLC under the dominant model (OR=0.69; 95% CI: 0.51-0.94). In addition, genotypes 2C/C+C/T of rs4705343 were associated with an increased risk of NSCLC under the log-additive model (OR=1.25; 95% CI: 1.01-1.53). However, there was no significant difference in the other SNPs between the NSCLC and control groups (P>0.05). Moreover, the association analysis of these SNPs between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) showed that allele A of rs11134527 was associated with SCC (OR=0.65; 95% CI: 0.48-0.88). Conclusion: Our results indicated that the A allele of rs11134527 might be a risk factor (OR=1.24; 95% CI: 1.03-1.50) and that the T allele of rs4705343 might be a protective factor (OR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.66-0.98) for NSCLC in a Han Chinese population.