Finding molecular biomarkers that can be related to the degree of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia remains a challenge. The levels of 6 Serum Protein Factors (NGF, BDNF, IL-6, TNF-α, S100β, GFAP) in peripheral blood of patients with schizophrenia were measured. The cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia was assessed by MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), a systematic assessment tool of international gold standard for cognitive function assessment of schizophrenia. To explore the correlation between these 6 biomarkers and the degree of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia,78 schizophrenic patients and 71 healthy controls were included in the study. The serum concentrations of BDNF and GFAP were lower in the patient group, but the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α and S100β were higher. The speed of information processing, word learning, reasoning and problem solving, visual learning T-score of the patient group were lower than the control group. Bayes discriminant function model has a high correct discriminant rate for the severity of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The level of serum protein factor and clinical symptom score of schizophrenia may forecast the degree of cognitive dysfunction, which is expected to be a potential biomarker to identify the degree of cognitive dysfunction of schizophrenia, and provide objective basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with schizophrenia.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.