Some studies have suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection had a negative association with semen quality, but the conclusions have been inconsistent. The purpose of our study was to systematically assess the association between HBV infection and semen parameters.We searched electronic databases for studies published from January 1980 to August 2023. Eleven studies were included in the analysis. Primary outcomes were semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm morphology, sperm motility and sperm progressive motility. We also conducted a subgroup analysis between China and other countries.Compared with the semen quality of HBV-negative men, HBV infection had a negative association with semen volume (MD: -0.20 mL, 95%CI: -0.32 to - 0.09, P = 0.0004), sperm concentration (MD: -4.46 × 106/mL, 95%CI: -7.09 to - 1.84, P = 0.0009), sperm morphology (MD: -2.49%, 95%CI: -4.35 to - 0.64, P = 0.008), sperm motility (MD: -6.85%, 95%CI: -11.53 to - 2.18, P = 0.004), and sperm progressive motility (MD: -6.63%, 95%CI: -10.24 to - 3.02, P = 0.0003). However, HBV infection had no significant association with total sperm count (MD: -31.50 × 106, 95%CI: -74.11 to 11.10, P = 0.15). The association between HBV and semen quality were inconsistent between the subgroups.HBV infection had a negative association with sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and semen volume. However, The association between HBV and total sperm count remain unclear. This metaanalysis suggests that we should pay attention to the adverse effect of HBV on sperm quality, and several studies have reported the relevant mechanisms. But due to the significant heterogeneity among studies on some semen parameters, further large and well-designed researches are needed before introducing clinical management recommendations.© 2024. The Author(s).